- NATO

Add your website - Ajoutez votre siteweb - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), regional alliance of defence, governed by l'article9 of the treaty of the Atlantic Ocean the North, signed on April 4, 1949. The first countries signers were Belgium of it, United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States. Greece and Turkey made their entrance(entry) to the alliance in 1952, West Germany joined them in 1955 and Spain in 1982. NATO has for essential objective to guarantee stability, freedom and prosperity of the members due to a collective system of safety(security). In 1990, reunited Germany succeeded in German Federal Republic within the NATO. Creation In the years which followed Second World war, expansionist policy of Soviet Union, translated notably with the takeover of the governments by the local communist parties in the Eastern countries and support brought by the Soviet citizens to the communist partisans in Greece as well as to the separatist movements in Iran, was considered by the leaders Occidental as a potential threat for the peace and stability in Europe. This situation incited France and United Kingdom to conclude the treaty of the Dunkerque ( 1947 ), foreseeing a common defence in case of aggression. The refusal of Soviet Union and its allies to sign plan the Marshall Islands and the creation of Kominform led(drove) the Occidental countries to sign the treaty of Brussels ( 1948 ), pact of collective safety(security), which was widened in the United States and in Canada after the blockade of Berlin ( 1948 ), to give birth to a permanent organization, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, in 1949. Capacities of the treaty The treaty is established(constituted) by an introduction, which clarifies that the purpose of the signed commitment is to promote the common values of his(her) signers and to unite their efforts to assure(insure) a collective defence. It(he) understands(includes) fourteen goods(articles), foreseeing notably the pacific regulation of disputes (article 1) and a mechanism of dialogue when one of the members of the alliance sees the safety(security) threatened (article 4). The most important disposal, contained in l'article5, stipulates that " parts agree that an attack armed(equipped) against the one or some of them arising in Europe or in North America will be considered as an attack steered against all the parts, and, as a consequence, they agree that, if such an attack occurs, each of them, in the exercise of the right of self-defence, individual or collective, recognized by the article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will attend part or parts so attacked(affected) by setting immediately, individually and in agreement with the other parts, such action as she will consider necessary, including the use(job) of the army, to restore and to assure(insure) safety(security) in the region of the Atlantic Ocean the North ". Structure The council of the Atlantic Ocean the North, which establishes(constitutes) the highest authority of the NATO, is consisted of permanent delegates of all the member countries, supervised by a General Secretary. The responsibility consists in the definition of a general politics(policy), the fixation of the budgetary main lines, and the behaviour(canal) of administrative actions. The secretariat, the temporary committees and the military Committee are subordinate to the authority of the council. The General Secretary steers the secretariat, which takes care of all the not military functions(offices) of the alliance. The council confides missions determined to the temporary committees. The military Committee collects the leaders of staff of all the armed forces of member countries; it(he) meets twice a year. Between these meetings, the delegates sitting in the permanent session of the military Committee have for mission to define the politics(policy) of defence of the alliance. Several geographic commands are connected with the military Committee and are loaded(charged) with the display of forces in their zones of responsibility. History Until 1950, the organization was not endowed with a military structure allowing him(her) to fill(perform) its role in case of aggression. The release of the war of Korea in June, 1950 persuaded the Allies that the Soviet citizens could oppose to the partition of Germany. It(he) resulted from it not only the creation of a system of military command, but also the extension of the NATO. In 1952, Greece and Turkey joined alliance and, in 1955 , the admittance of West Germany was subordinate to a complex agreement, according to which this country saw forbidding the manufacture of nuclear, biologic or chemical weapons. During the ten years which followed the creation, NATO seemed especially as a military organization dominated by a superpower, the United States, which guaranteed safety(security) necessary for the economic and political recovery of Europe. When Soviet Union reached the nuclear parity with the West, the Europeans dreaded that the United States give up assuring(insuring) the safety(security) of the European territory. Two important evolutions affected NATO during the sixties: the announcement by Charles de Gaulle, president of the French Republic, the retreat of France of the command integrated by the organization, but not of the very alliance, in 1966 , and the development of the influence of the small nations, trying to use NATO as an instrument of relaxation as much as defence. The implication of the United States in Vietnam contributed to stress their loss of authority and provoked a dissatisfaction within the NATO. From the beginning of the seventies, the implication of the United States in a politics(policy) of relaxation with Soviet Union, which allowed notably the signature of agreements SALT 1 (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, " negotiations on the limitation of the strategic weapons "), aroused the anxiety of the Europeans, strengthened by the ascent in power of the soviet military arsenal. To remedy this situation of crisis, NATO threw(launched) in 1979 a program which aimed to strengthen the effort of defence of the member countries of the alliance, while pursuing a politics(policy) of dialogue with Soviet Union. This politics(policy) was translated by the display in Europe of ballistic missiles with average reach (collectively called "euromissiles"), which activated(started) from 1983 a tension with Soviet Union, and of intense discussions within the alliance; Indeed, the display of euromissiles, presented by the Americans as a supplementary guarantee of safety(security), was interpreted by certain European countries as a proof of the disengagement of the United States, as far as euromissiles realized the possibility of a conflict limited to the European battlefield, and eased the direct threat that represented for the United States the existence of intercontinental missiles. The signature of the treaty on intermediate nuclear forces ( FNI) in 1987, then the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact consecutive to the explosion of the Eastern bloc, opened a phase of uncertainty concerning purposes and missions of the NATO. This alliance, since the origin conceived as a means to put obstacle to the soviet expansionism, saw itself confronted with new threats, notably the ascent of nationalist demands in the former(ancient) communist countries and the scattering of the nuclear armaments between some of the former(old) soviet republics. To allow the construction of a real politics(policy) of European defence, the organization welcomed in 1991 the former(ancient) countries of the Eastern Europe within a structure, the council of north - Atlantic cooperation ( COCONA), which has to favor eventually the integration of some of these countries within the NATO. A new era of cooperation among the former(ancient) enemies of cold war opened with the signature, on May 27, 1997 in Paris, of the Act founder of mutual relations, cooperation and safety(security) between the NATO and the union of Russia. This text opened the way of the release(extension) of the NATO to the countries of Europe, with the decision begun in July, 1997 to integrate Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic.